Use different placeholders when the allowed components are different. In the placeholder settings, you can set for a placeholders the allowed renderings.
There are basically totwo approaches.
use 2 different Layouts with different placeholders.
1 Layout, with a placeholder where you can place only your page renderings. where the page rendering is just a normal rendering with less html but with 1 or more placeholders.
Then you have a rendering preLogin with placeholder prelogin and a rendering afterlogin with placeholder afterlogin. In the placeholders setting from prelogin and afterlogin you define the allowed components, renderings.
Of course you can have more placeholders like header and footer.